Guides

Short, specific notes

Written for the tools on this site. No account, no product pitch in the explainers. Longer references: my IP address in India, IPv4 vs IPv6, public vs private IP, and how to find your IP address.

Geo databasesIP location wrong? How to fix itWhy an IP’s city is wrong, when a correction helps, and the forms for MaxMind, IP2Location, IPinfo, DB-IP, and Google.Shared IPv4CGNAT, in plain languageHow to tell if your IPv4 address is shared, and what IPv6, Tailscale, and a tunnel change.Jio, Airtel, BSNL, ACTAsking an Indian ISP for a public addressWhat to check, and what to ask Jio, Airtel, BSNL, and ACT for, without a made-up price list.Not legal adviceShared IPs, VPNs, and trading accessA careful note for people told they need a static IP. This is not a SEBI ruling and not advice about any firm.The browserWebRTC leaks and timezone mismatchesWhat a browser leak test can and cannot prove about a VPN.RFC 8805Publish a geofeed for your prefixesA short RFC 8805 geofeed, and where to put it so geolocation vendors pick it up.DNSWhat a DNS leak test actually checksA DNS leak is a lookup that bypasses your VPN. This site does not run that test, and this page explains what would, and what the WebRTC check is instead.CGNATJioYour Jio IP address is the public address of this connection when it is on Jio. AS55836, CGNAT on Jio mobile and JioFiber, and prefixes RIPEstat listed.CGNATAirtelYour Airtel IP address is the public address of this connection when it is on Airtel. AS45609 is mobile, AS24560 and AS9498 are broadband, and CGNAT depends on the plan.CGNATBSNLYour BSNL IP address is the public address of this connection when it is on BSNL. AS9829 is BSNL-NIB. How to tell if Bharat Fiber is behind CGNAT.CGNATACT FibernetACT Fibernet is AS18209 and AS24309 (CABLELITE-AS-AP). How to tell if your ACT plan is behind CGNAT and what to confirm on the bill.CGNATViVi mobile is AS38266 and AS55410 (VIL-AS-AP). Those addresses are usually shared CGNAT. How to check, and what a VPN does not change.